Los cloroplastos como transformadores de energía
( Publicado en "Energía para vivir", Bruno Günther y Enrique Morgado,
1998, Editorial Universitaria )


Los cloroplastos, del griego jlorós = verde, y plastós formado, modelado, son organelos que se encuentran en los Reinos Protista (algas: unicelulares eucariontes fotosintéticos parecidos a plantas) y Planta. Los cloroplastos efectúan la fotosíntesis, como también almacenan las substancias alimenticias que ellos mismos han sintetizado(Figura 1). En cada célula de las hojas verdes de las plantas hay entre 20 y 100 cloroplastos, los que miden entre 5 y 10 um de largo. Los cloroplastos poseen dos membranas, una externa y otra interna. Según algunos investigadores, la membrana interna del cloroplasto provendría de un procarionte foto-sintético, que se incorporó como "endosimbionte" a una célula huésped, que al englobarlo formó la membrana externa de este organelo. Los cloroplastos poseen material genético y sistema de síntesis de proteínas propios, hecho que avala la teoría endosimbiótica ya mencionada.

En los cloroplastos existen dos compartimientos muy defínidos: el estroma, que contiene las enzimas del "ciclo de CALVIN-BENSON" y los granos, constituidos por los tilacoides, que son membranas que forman un sistema interconectado de sáculos discoideos, que contienen las clorofilas (a, b), moléculas claves en el proceso de la fotosíntesis, y que permiten formar ATP y NADPH. Estos compuestos son formados en presencia de luz, en la fase clara de la fotosíntesis, para ser utilizados posteriormente en la fijación del bióxido de carbono, en una serie de reacciones llamadas reacciones de fase oscura.

En síntesis, el cloroplasto, por medio de la fotosíntesis, convierte la energía luminosa en energía química (Figura 2).



Dr. Bruno Günther


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